CBSE · Class 11 · Chemistry · Chapter 5
Chemical Thermodynamics
Energy changes, enthalpy and thermodynamics.
Start chapterLessons in this chapter
- 1Systems, States, and the First LawLearn to define a thermodynamic system and account for the energy it receives or gives out.
- 2Pressure–Volume Work and Gas ExpansionUse pistons and pressure–volume graphs to understand how the route of expansion controls work.
- 3Enthalpy, Heat Capacity, and CalorimetryConnect measurable temperature changes with internal energy and enthalpy.
- 4Reaction Enthalpy, Standard States, and Phase ChangesInterpret reaction heat using specified states, then follow energy through melting, evaporation, cooling, and freezing.
- 5Formation Enthalpies and Hess’s LawCalculate otherwise inaccessible reaction heats by combining consistent reference data and reaction paths.
- 6Combustion, Atomisation, and Bond EnthalpyConnect fuel energy with the energy required to separate atoms and break chemical bonds.
- 7Lattice, Solution, and Dilution EnthalpiesUse energy cycles to explain how ionic crystals form, dissolve, and respond to added solvent.
- 8Spontaneity, Entropy, and the Thermodynamic LawsExplain the preferred direction of change using the entropy of both system and surroundings.
- 9Gibbs Energy, Temperature, and EquilibriumUse enthalpy and entropy together to predict direction and relate standard free energy to equilibrium.
- 10Chapter Summary and PracticeConnect energy accounting, reaction-energy cycles, entropy, and equilibrium in a complete thermodynamics review.