Lessons in this chapter
- 1Solutions and Ways to Express CompositionIdentify homogeneous mixtures and express their composition using percentages, parts per million and mole fractions.
- 2Molarity, Molality and Concentration CalculationsConvert between solution composition measures using conservation of mass, moles and carefully defined volumes.
- 3Solubility and Henry’s LawExplain dissolution through competing interactions and dynamic equilibrium, then quantify gas solubility using partial pressure.
- 4Vapour Pressure of Volatile Liquid MixturesUse liquid composition to calculate equilibrium partial pressures, total pressure and vapour composition.
- 5Ideal Solutions, Deviations and AzeotropesExplain real mixture behaviour using molecular interactions and interpret the limits of separation by distillation.
- 6Vapour-Pressure Lowering and Molar MassDerive relative vapour-pressure lowering and use it to determine solute amounts without confusing exact and dilute forms.
- 7Elevation of Boiling PointConnect solvent vapour-pressure lowering to boiling-point elevation and derive equations for concentration and molar mass.
- 8Depression of Freezing PointExplain solvent freezing equilibrium and use freezing-point depression to determine concentrations and molar masses.
- 9Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure and Reverse OsmosisExplain selective solvent movement and calculate osmotic pressure, solute molar mass and the pressure needed to reverse osmosis.
- 10Association, Dissociation and Abnormal Molar MassCount particles after chemical equilibria and use the van ’t Hoff factor to interpret colligative measurements.
- 11Chapter Summary and PracticeConnect solution composition, molecular interactions, phase behaviour and particle counting through an integrated review and fully answered problems.