Lessons in this chapter
- 1Physical Equilibrium and Dynamic ChangeSee how opposing physical processes keep a system steady while particles continue to move.
- 2How Chemical Equilibrium Is EstablishedFollow reacting particles and concentration graphs to understand why chemical equilibrium remains active.
- 3The Equilibrium Law and Concentration ConstantsBuild an equilibrium expression from experimental patterns and learn how it follows the balanced equation.
- 4Gas Pressures and Heterogeneous EquilibriaChoose the correct pressure or concentration expression and understand why pure phases are omitted.
- 5Using K, Q, and Gibbs EnergyPredict direction, calculate equilibrium composition, and connect the result to Gibbs energy.
- 6Changing an EquilibriumExplain how a system responds to added material, compression, heating, or a catalyst.
- 7Ionic Equilibrium and Models of Acids and BasesConnect ions in water with three useful ways of recognising acid–base reactions.
- 8Water, pH, and Measuring AcidityUse water’s ionization and the logarithmic pH scale to interpret acidic, neutral, and basic solutions.
- 9Weak Acids and Their IonizationCalculate weak-acid composition by combining ionization constants with conservation of material.
- 10Weak Bases and Conjugate ConstantsSolve base-ionization problems and use water’s ionic product to connect a base with its conjugate acid.
- 11Polyprotic Acids, Acid Strength, and Common IonsExplain stepwise proton loss, structural acid-strength trends, and suppression by an ion already present.
- 12Salt Hydrolysis and Buffer SolutionsPredict the pH of salt solutions and design mixtures that resist small pH disturbances.
- 13Solubility Products and PrecipitationUse dissolution equilibria to calculate solubility and predict when a solid will form.
- 14Chapter Summary and PracticeConnect the complete chapter through one equilibrium framework and a broad set of mixed problems.